Departing: Hull, York, Wakefield. Departing: Nottingham, Derby, Sheffield. Princess Elizabeth Affectionately known as "Lizzie" this locomotive was built in and named after a then young Princess later to become Queen Elizabeth Explore Steam Journeys A wonderful steam journey featured on Channel 5's "World's m A wonderful steam journey featured on Channel 5's "World's most scenic railway journeys" In honour of one of the most famous " Belle" trains to ever run, we are paying tribute to the Bournemouth Belle train servic The voltage coming to the substation, at , or 46, volts, is too high to go directly into your neighborhoods.
Power transformers are used to step the voltage down to an acceptable level to bring into your neighborhoods. In the last five years the cost of transformers has risen 50 percent, partly due to escalating material costs and also to federal regulations requiring higher efficiencies. From the distribution transformer, a service wire is connected to your house, which is called the service drop.
If your service wire is underground, CAEC connects the service wire to your underground meter box. The tie that is made on the source side of the meter is the point of connection between CAEC and the member.
The meter box in both cases allows CAEC to measure the amount of energy used. At this point your home wiring comes into play and enables energy to be sent to your plug outlets and light switches at the touch of a button or flip of a switch.
This only covers a few major pieces of equipment we use to keep your power on more than Some other vital equipment we use includes highside and lowside breakers, voltage regulators and lightning arrestors. This process also does not cover the maintenance we must perform and personnel it takes to ensure the infrastructure we have put in place stays in top condition. This includes our vegetation management program, line and substation inspections and other critical programs.
As we learned above with our detailed look at the distribution system, it takes many parts working together to make the transmission system possible. And it all starts at the generation plant:. The generation of electricity begins at the power plant— where fuel sources such as coal, natural gas or hydro are used to transform water to steam by a heating process.
For example, in most coal fired power plants, chunks of coal are crushed into fine powder and are fed into a combustion unit where it is burned. Heat from the burning coal is used to generate steam which is piped throughout the plant. Since steam is water in a highly pressurized state, it is sent to a turbine where the pressure causes the blades on the turbine to spin at a high rate of speed.
A shaft is connected between the turbine and a generator. Inside the generator is a magnetic field which produces voltage—or electricity at approximately 15, volts V. The high voltage power produced by the generator enters a transmission substation at the power plant. Once stepped up to the appropriate voltage, the power is then placed on the transmission system which consists of lines and poles owned, wholly or jointly, by PowerSouth. PowerSouth maintains more than 2, miles of transmission line and more than substations across Alabama and the Florida panhandle.
The planning for and siting of new transmission equipment can be a long and tedious process. It often involves a number of complex and critical environmental, reliability, economic, social and technical issues that must be examined before decisions can be made and the required permits i. The investigation and research of each of these key areas, and the action of planning and forecasting the need and placement of transmission equipment can be a year process and take an additional two to five years to actually implement.
Once the power reaches its delivery point, it goes through a step-down or reduction of voltage process at switching stations. Here the ,, V is stepped down to approximately ,, V before being sent to the first component of the distribution system—the substation — and eventually to your home. Such a large system can take years or decades to plan and can cost millions of dollars.
When you think of the time and effort it takes, as well as the investment, to build and maintain the thousands of miles of line to deliver power to our homes, the value of electricity becomes much more apparent. Do you know how much coal your home uses every day? Almost half of the electricity used in the United States is coal-generated, and given the vast resource the U. Costs associated with using coal include the mining, transportation, power generation and emissions-control, yet coal-fueled electric power remains one of the lowest-cost sources of energy for consumers.
So how does coal power your home? There are two basic ways to mine coal: surface mining and underground mining. Miners extract coal from deposits at or near ground level using the surface mining method. Surface crews remove earth covering the coal and gradually extract this fossil fuel. Miners are then required by law to return the land to its original, or an improved condition — known as reclamation.
In areas where coal deposits are deep underground, miners dig tunnels into the earth and use one of three methods: conventional, continuous or longwall mining. With the conventional method the miner uses a long electric chain saw to slice a strip under the coal deposit and the area is blasted. In contrast, continuous and longwall mining do not use drilling or blasting.
With these processes the coal is torn or cut out respectively, then sent on to the preparation plant. At the preparation plant, workers operate machinery to remove rocks and debris before washing, sorting and blending the coal before it is shipped.
Coal miners are highly skilled and well trained in the use of complex, state-of-the-art equipment. There are more than , people employed in the coal mining industry.
Coal is largely transported in the U. Alternative shipping methods include truck, conveyors and vessel. Rail transportation accounts for 70 percent of coal shipments to power plants, which can lead to market power abuse i. Since , a number of generating and transmission cooperatives have reported that their railroad carriers are demanding percent rate increases at the expiration of their existing contracts.
Lowman Power Plant, located near Leroy, Ala. As it is unloaded onto a conveyor, the coal is transferred to a large storage pile, big enough to sustain two months demand. Another term to be considered is the pH value; this is not an impurity or constituent but merely a numerical value representing the potential hydrogen content of water - which is a measure of the acidic or alkaline nature of the water. If the hydrogen ions are predominant, the solution will be acidic with a pH value between 0 and 6.
If the hydroxyl ions are predominant, the solution will be alkaline, with a pH value between 8 and If there are an equal number of both hydroxyl and hydrogen ions, then the solution will be neutral, with a pH value of 7. Acids and alkalis have the effect of increasing the conductivity of water above that of a neutral sample. For example, a sample of water with a pH value of 12 will have a higher conductivity than a sample that has a pH value of 7. Global Search Navigation. Looking for Spirax Sarco products and services?
These impurities may form deposits on heat transfer surfaces that may: Cause metal corrosion. Reduce heat transfer rates, leading to overheating and loss of mechanical strength. Raw water quality and regional variations Water quality can vary tremendously from one region to another depending on the sources of water, local minerals see Figure 3. The common impurities in raw water can be classified as follows: Dissolved solids - These are substances that will dissolve in water.
The principal ones are the carbonates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium, which are scaleforming when heated. There are other dissolved solids, which are non-scale forming. In practice, any salts forming scale within the boiler should be chemically altered so that theyproduce suspended solids, or sludge rather than scale. Your Store Your Store.
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