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Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again. Skip to content. Learn More. Get started by following the steps below. Although the motivation for treatment among postpartum couples may stem from the need to address PPD or other maternal symptoms or functioning issues, treatment approaches that provide support specifically for fathers and partners to manage their own distress — and to discuss their vantage point regarding role changes and challenges — are critically important, including sensitivity to differing levels of comfort that partners may have with emotional expression.
For many families, engaging in professional mental health treatment may be new; efforts to make the treatment experience accessible, pleasant, and directly useful for fathers and partners will likely help promote greater engagement.
Building on these findings, future maternal mental health interventions should consider expanded strategies to include partners in the treatment process. It will be important for services to be designed in such a way that family involvement is feasible, with a flexible format, scheduling, welcoming the presence of the baby, and potentially offering home-based services.
In addition, our sample, though small, had diverse representation across a range of racial and ethnic groups and socioeconomic backgrounds, consistent with the population in our geographic region in the northeastern United States. In terms of limitations, our sample size is small and in these analyses we specifically focused on the paternal experience. Given that some participants were remarking upon a more recent postpartum experience and treatment episode e. Although the sample is diverse in terms of racial and ethnic background, it may not reflect the views of all postpartum fathers.
We did not have any same-sex couples or gender diverse individuals. Understanding the experiences and treatment needs and preferences of diverse families and families with non-traditional structures will be important in future research. In addition, other family structures should be considered in developing new treatment approaches that explicitly include other support persons particularly for single parents who may not live with a partner or co-parent Alves et al.
Accurate screening and identification of mental health concerns in both parents and effective treatments that promote active involvement of key family members and support persons, will allow for more effective reduction of stress during the perinatal period, and ultimately help prevent long term adverse outcomes for children and families. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Butler Hospital Institutional Review Board. CB conceptualized the study, conducted quantitative and qualitative data analyses, and prepared the manuscript. ALT contributed to the qualitative data analysis and prepared portions of the manuscript. MH and IM helped in the initial planning stage of the study and provided editorial suggestions for the final manuscript.
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. We are grateful to the fathers and mothers who participated in this research, without, whom this report would not be possible.
Alves, S. Child Fam. Battle, C. A mother—baby psychiatric day hospital: history, rationale, and why perinatal mental health is important for obstetric medicine. Beck, A. Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Blom, E. Perinatal complications increase the risk of postpartum depression. The generation R study. BJOG , — Brandon, A. Proof of concept: partner-assisted interpersonal psychotherapy for perinatal depression. Health 15, — Braun, V.
Using thematic analysis in psychology. Cameron, E. Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: an updated meta-analysis. Cohen, M. A theoretical framework for treating perinatal depression using couple-based interventions. Psychotherapy 54, — Cox, J. Edinburgh postnatal depression scale 1 EPDS instructions for using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Psychiatry Source Postpartum Depress.
Darwin, Z. Assessing the mental health of fathers, other co-parents, and partners in the perinatal period: mixed methods evidence synthesis.
Psychiatry Dennis, C. Depressive symptomatology in the immediate postnatal period: identifying maternal characteristics related to true- and false-positive screening scores. Psychiatry 51, — Dunkel Schetter, C.
Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Psychiatry 25, — Epstein, N. The McMaster family assessment device. Marital Fam. Figueiredo, B. Henrichs, J. Parental family stress during pregnancy and cognitive functioning in early childhood: the Generation R Study. Early Child. Howard, M. A psychiatric mother-baby day hospital for pregnant and postpartum women.
Health 9, — That person is in the best position to help you get what you need now and support you along the road to recovery. Sometimes women feel so embarrassed about what they are feeling that talking to a more neutral person can seem easier. In that case, opening up to a medical professional like your child's pediatrician, your OB or midwife, or your primary care provider may feel easiest.
You can start by asking, "Can I talk to you because I have some things on my mind? If they respond well, tell them that you may be experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression. If you're not sure what you're feeling, it's enough to just say you aren't feeling like yourself. If they don't respond well to your initial questions, you have a couple options.
Reconsider whether he or she is truly the right person to talk to. Is this person likely to respond differently at another time? If so, wait for a better time and try again. If the answer is definitely no, then look for someone else. Again, your family members, friends, people in your community or church, and healthcare providers are all good options.
Or you could turn to a warmline or online support network. Though it can be tricky, it's important to try and help your partner understand what you're experiencing. After all, postpartum depression will affect him or her too. For help explaining things, you could refer your partner to a book or online article , have a family member or friend join the conversation, or bring your partner with you to your next doctor or mental health provider appointment.
Once you find a support person who is open and willing to help, be as specific as possible about what you need. Ask him or her to help you take concrete steps to getting help, such as researching resources in your area, calling your doctor, or accompanying you to an appointment. In my practice I have found that most men really want to help, but feel they don't know how.
Giving them specific instructions is usually most effective. Or, if you just want to vent, explain that you would just like to talk about how you are feeling and you don't need them to respond or find an immediate solution.
Being able to talk openly with someone is essential to the recovery process.
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