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Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Xenophobia, or fear of strangers, is a broad term that may be applied to any fear of someone who is different from us. Hostility towards outsiders is often a reaction to fear. Xenophobia often overlaps with forms of prejudice including racism and homophobia, but there are important distinctions. Where racism, homophobia, and other forms of discrimination are based on specific characteristics, xenophobia is usually rooted in the perception that members of the outgroup are foreign to the ingroup community.
Whether xenophobia qualifies as a legitimate mental disorder is a subject of ongoing debate. Xenophobia is also associated with large-scale acts of destruction and violence against groups of people. While xenophobia can be expressed in different ways, typical signs include:.
While it may represent a true fear, most xenophobic people do not have a true phobia. Instead, the term is most often used to describe people who discriminate against foreigners and immigrants. People who express xenophobia typically believe that their culture or nation is superior, want to keep immigrants out of their community, and may even engage in actions that are detrimental to those who are perceived as outsiders. However, some psychologists and psychiatrists have suggested that extreme racism and prejudice should be recognized as a mental health problem.
Some have argued, for example, that extreme forms of prejudice should be considered a subtype of delusional disorder. Other professionals argue that categorizing xenophobia or racism as a mental illness would be medicalizing a social problem. There are two primary types of xenophobia:. The desire to belong to a group is pervasive—and strong identification with a particular group can even be healthy. It is natural and possibly instinctive to want to protect the interests of the group by eliminating threats to those interests.
Unfortunately, this natural protectiveness often causes members of a group to shun or even attack those who are perceived as different, even if they actually pose no legitimate threat at all. Xenophobia doesn't just affect people at the individual level.
It affects entire societies, including cultural attitudes, economics, politics, and history. Examples of xenophobia in the United States include acts of discrimination and violence against Latinx, Mexican, and Middle Eastern immigrants. Xenophobia has been linked to:. Certainly, not everyone who is xenophobic starts wars or commits hate crimes.
Other recommended measures included those to promote and protect the human rights of persons belonging to minority groups, indigenous populations and peoples and migrant workers; and the establishment of recourse procedures for victims of racial discrimination.
The Second Decade witnessed one of the greatest achievements of the United Nations: in , the South African Government released Nelson Mandela and began to dismantle the system of apartheid. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action stressed the interdependence, indivisibility and integrity of all human rights. The Conference welcomed the end of apartheid, but took note of the somber reality of the increase of intolerance, xenophobia, racism and racial discrimination in many countries, and highlighted the rights of minorities, women and indigenous peoples.
Also in , the Commission on Human Rights appointed a Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He has reported on institutionalized and indirect forms of racism and racial discrimination against national, racial, ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities and migrant workers throughout the world.
His mandate has also emphasized new manifestations of racism and xenophobia in developed countries in particular. The Third Decade has thus comprised a broadened view of racism, including the realisation that all societies in the world are affected and hindered by discrimination. The international community has undertaken to determine the basic roots of racism and to call for the changes necessary to prevent the eruption of conflicts caused by racism or racial discrimination.
By necessity, ethnic cleansing and genocide have come under consideration, as well as the institutionalization of xenophobia, as some States implement measures against migrant workers. Globalization is exerting new social pressures, requiring new methods to combat racism - and a renewed commitment.
The World Conference against Racism in South Africa in The World Conference, that is intended to be action-oriented, will focus on practical steps to eradicate racism, including measures of prevention, education and protection. It will also endeavour to provide effective remedies for the victims of racism and racial discrimination.
The United Nations has repeatedly affirmed its "special responsibility" for victims of racism and oppression. According to Mrs. Mary Robinson, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "If the World Conference is to make a difference, it must not only raise awareness about the scourge of racism, but it must lead to positive actions at the national, regional and international levels that can bring relief to those who bear the brunt of racism and racial discrimination. The imperative to prevent genocide is not only moral; it is a legal obligation set out in article 1 of the Convention.
Indeed, the primary obligation to prevent genocide rests with States. I congratulate Turkmenistan, Dominica and Mauritius for responding to my appeal last year for the universal ratification of the Genocide Convention. I urge the 42 States that have yet to ratify the Convention to do so as a matter of priority.
Civil society, religious leaders, media outlets and teachers play an important role. This year, I launched two initiatives, the United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech and the Action Plan for the Protection of Religious Sites, which aim to galvanize our work and to encourage contributions from these partners, working hand in hand with states. Investing in prevention is especially urgent today.
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